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	<title>Comments on: Northern Rock: the significance of Granite to the Bank of England</title>
	<atom:link href="http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/</link>
	<description>Richard Murphy on tax and corporate accountability</description>
	<pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2009 01:38:47 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>By: jerry rommer</title>
		<link>http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-468189</link>
		<dc:creator>jerry rommer</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 23 Jul 2008 16:00:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-468189</guid>
		<description>Skimming through the Legal Notices Section of the Times, as one does, although I’m not really sure why, I couldn't help but notice the voluntary liquidation of one Granite Mortgages. Surely this can't be the same 'Granite' as the shadowy subsidiary of Northern Rock, into which it quietly squirreled away some £53 billion of its mortgage stock? Can anyone shed any light?
jerry rommer</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Skimming through the Legal Notices Section of the Times, as one does, although I’m not really sure why, I couldn&#8217;t help but notice the voluntary liquidation of one Granite Mortgages. Surely this can&#8217;t be the same &#8216;Granite&#8217; as the shadowy subsidiary of Northern Rock, into which it quietly squirreled away some £53 billion of its mortgage stock? Can anyone shed any light?<br />
jerry rommer</p>
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		<title>By: Tax Research LLP</title>
		<link>http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-389713</link>
		<dc:creator>Tax Research LLP</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 26 Feb 2008 13:32:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-389713</guid>
		<description>Alastair

Respectfully, Lord Keynes and J K Galbraith would not agree with you regarding the cost of money.

Maybe you need to open your mind to the reality of money. 

Richard</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Alastair</p>
<p>Respectfully, Lord Keynes and J K Galbraith would not agree with you regarding the cost of money.</p>
<p>Maybe you need to open your mind to the reality of money. </p>
<p>Richard</p>
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		<title>By: alastair</title>
		<link>http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-389181</link>
		<dc:creator>alastair</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2008 17:32:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-389181</guid>
		<description>what on earth has the chicanery of government monetary policy got to do with Northern Rock?   Nothing like keeping to the point!

Once the Government underwrote the depositors then nationalisation was inevitable.  That it took so long to secure the related assets may well demonstrate similar incompetence that you see when Governments print money, but is not the same thing at all.

And the suggestion that money has no cost is the most ludicrous half-witted theory I have heard in a long time.  If you really believe that then please explain why most people do not have enough of it?  After all if it is free then surely there would be no shortage!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>what on earth has the chicanery of government monetary policy got to do with Northern Rock?   Nothing like keeping to the point!</p>
<p>Once the Government underwrote the depositors then nationalisation was inevitable.  That it took so long to secure the related assets may well demonstrate similar incompetence that you see when Governments print money, but is not the same thing at all.</p>
<p>And the suggestion that money has no cost is the most ludicrous half-witted theory I have heard in a long time.  If you really believe that then please explain why most people do not have enough of it?  After all if it is free then surely there would be no shortage!</p>
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		<title>By: Tax Research UK / A note of thanks: and why Granite remains at the core of the Northern Rock debacle</title>
		<link>http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-387347</link>
		<dc:creator>Tax Research UK / A note of thanks: and why Granite remains at the core of the Northern Rock debacle</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 22 Feb 2008 15:35:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-387347</guid>
		<description>[...] about the deception that the Granite structure represents. Nothing has changed what I have written here: I contend that is right, but the government still seems to deny it. Worse, the government is now [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] about the deception that the Granite structure represents. Nothing has changed what I have written here: I contend that is right, but the government still seems to deny it. Worse, the government is now [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Jeff</title>
		<link>http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-385835</link>
		<dc:creator>Jeff</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 20 Feb 2008 12:37:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-385835</guid>
		<description>Remember monetarism.  Increasing the supply of money will continue the failed policies that got us here.  Creditors should have been allowed to lose money by Rock going into administration.  The new money will feed back through into asset inflation - not housing this time - but commodities.  Excessive money supply (excessively low interest rates (below RPI), excess credit creation by banks and Government creation of fiat money as with Rock).  A long slowdown as we get Labour's 1970's style stagflation is now on the cards.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Remember monetarism.  Increasing the supply of money will continue the failed policies that got us here.  Creditors should have been allowed to lose money by Rock going into administration.  The new money will feed back through into asset inflation - not housing this time - but commodities.  Excessive money supply (excessively low interest rates (below RPI), excess credit creation by banks and Government creation of fiat money as with Rock).  A long slowdown as we get Labour&#8217;s 1970&#8217;s style stagflation is now on the cards.</p>
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		<title>By: Chris Cook</title>
		<link>http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-290398</link>
		<dc:creator>Chris Cook</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 27 Nov 2007 16:34:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-290398</guid>
		<description>Who said anything about real resources? We are talking banking here, after all.

Money in fact has no cost. We have been bamboozled into thinking that it does because our current money is created and issued as Debt.

Credit has a cost, consisting of system costs and default costs.

Capital has a price, consisting of the return investors are prepared to pay commensurate with risk. Which is as low as 1.5% for 50 year index-linked gilts and 3% for (non index-linked) US Treasuries.

Neither the Cost of Credit nor the Cost of Capital  bears any relationship to a Central Bank set rate of Interest unless Money is issued as Debt, and even then, as we see, the relationship may break down.

Currently our banking system manufactures credit - in the case of private banks, this is interest-bearing credit - based upon an amount of Capital set by the Bank of International Settlement.

But it can be manufactured - as the Bank of England is doing - equally well by a central Bank directly, as non interest-bearing credit, backed by an implicit government guarantee.

We see in Zimbabwe the problems that can arise if money is minted ad lib and goes into circulation. An inflation tax, as you say. 

It is the deficit basis of our money that causes asset price inflation.

However, where such credit is created as interest-bearing loans (as it customarily is) it is obviously more costly, and hence more inflationary, than if it is issued directly to "capital users" under the supervision of (say) a monetary authority, or with banks as managers of credit creation.

The money created by the Bank of England in the Northern Rock case is not going into circulation, and nor is it being used to "bid up" asset prices. 

It is simply extinguishing existing bank-created interest-bearing debt and remains "tied up" in land and buildings.

Very few people truly understand the banking system, and newspapers will not (with rare slips of the mask) print anything about the truth of the system, since it appears to be regarded as  form of financial pornography: an Indecent Truth, perhaps.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Who said anything about real resources? We are talking banking here, after all.</p>
<p>Money in fact has no cost. We have been bamboozled into thinking that it does because our current money is created and issued as Debt.</p>
<p>Credit has a cost, consisting of system costs and default costs.</p>
<p>Capital has a price, consisting of the return investors are prepared to pay commensurate with risk. Which is as low as 1.5% for 50 year index-linked gilts and 3% for (non index-linked) US Treasuries.</p>
<p>Neither the Cost of Credit nor the Cost of Capital  bears any relationship to a Central Bank set rate of Interest unless Money is issued as Debt, and even then, as we see, the relationship may break down.</p>
<p>Currently our banking system manufactures credit - in the case of private banks, this is interest-bearing credit - based upon an amount of Capital set by the Bank of International Settlement.</p>
<p>But it can be manufactured - as the Bank of England is doing - equally well by a central Bank directly, as non interest-bearing credit, backed by an implicit government guarantee.</p>
<p>We see in Zimbabwe the problems that can arise if money is minted ad lib and goes into circulation. An inflation tax, as you say. </p>
<p>It is the deficit basis of our money that causes asset price inflation.</p>
<p>However, where such credit is created as interest-bearing loans (as it customarily is) it is obviously more costly, and hence more inflationary, than if it is issued directly to &#8220;capital users&#8221; under the supervision of (say) a monetary authority, or with banks as managers of credit creation.</p>
<p>The money created by the Bank of England in the Northern Rock case is not going into circulation, and nor is it being used to &#8220;bid up&#8221; asset prices. </p>
<p>It is simply extinguishing existing bank-created interest-bearing debt and remains &#8220;tied up&#8221; in land and buildings.</p>
<p>Very few people truly understand the banking system, and newspapers will not (with rare slips of the mask) print anything about the truth of the system, since it appears to be regarded as  form of financial pornography: an Indecent Truth, perhaps.</p>
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		<title>By: Caronte</title>
		<link>http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-290125</link>
		<dc:creator>Caronte</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 27 Nov 2007 13:21:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-290125</guid>
		<description>Chris Cook: clearly you believe that the BoE can magic real resources out of thin air just by printing banknotes or giving a line of credit convertible into banknotes, at zero cost to anyone? Good news for the government, then, they could finance any level of expenditure without any need for tax? Or have you ever heard of, or been subjected yourself to, the inflation tax?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Chris Cook: clearly you believe that the BoE can magic real resources out of thin air just by printing banknotes or giving a line of credit convertible into banknotes, at zero cost to anyone? Good news for the government, then, they could finance any level of expenditure without any need for tax? Or have you ever heard of, or been subjected yourself to, the inflation tax?</p>
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		<title>By: Tax Research LLP</title>
		<link>http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-289878</link>
		<dc:creator>Tax Research LLP</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 27 Nov 2007 10:30:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-289878</guid>
		<description>Richard

True

I'll correct it

Richard</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Richard</p>
<p>True</p>
<p>I&#8217;ll correct it</p>
<p>Richard</p>
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		<title>By: Richard Bertram</title>
		<link>http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-289854</link>
		<dc:creator>Richard Bertram</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 27 Nov 2007 10:07:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-289854</guid>
		<description>You probably meant "we now know that £53 billion" rather than "million" in your paragraph below the pie-chart figure.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>You probably meant &#8220;we now know that £53 billion&#8221; rather than &#8220;million&#8221; in your paragraph below the pie-chart figure.</p>
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		<title>By: Chris Cook</title>
		<link>http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-287632</link>
		<dc:creator>Chris Cook</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 25 Nov 2007 22:36:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2007/11/25/northern-rock-the-significance-of-granite-to-the-bank-of-england/#comment-287632</guid>
		<description>Well, actually there's another angle to this.

Tim Congdon let the cat out of the bag here

http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ddf4c35e-88e5-11dc-84c9-0000779fd2ac.html

Particularly this

"The explanation is that the Bank of England can create money "by a stroke of the pen". 

Parliament has made it the UK's only issuer of legal-tender notes, and it can expand the note issue or credit a balance convertible into notes at virtually nil cost. 

Because of these special powers, the Bank does not need to borrow in the interbank market at a positive interest rate."

What this means is that the Bank of England may create credit, either in the form of Bank Notes, or alternatively, in the form of account balances exchangeable for Bank Notes, and this is exactly what the Bank of England has been doing to the tune of £23 billion, created “by a stroke of a pen” and thereupon loaned to Northern Rock.

This freshly minted money does not derive from the “tax-payer” at all: it is simply interest-free credit – so-called “Fiat Money” - that any Central Bank may create at any time to oil the wheels of commerce, but conventionally will only do so as cash. 

The Bank of England is charging Northern Rock a “penal” rate of 7% pa for the use of this credit, of which 5.75% - the current Bank “base rate” - is actually collected while the “penalty” of 1.25% on top of this is not in fact being paid to the Bank of England but is being “rolled up” as a Debt from Northern Rock to the UK Treasury – a “subordinated loan” which ranks after all other creditors but before the shareholders.

In other words the Bank of England is gifting this "investment" to the Treasury on behalf of "tax-payers". 

Suppose everything goes wrong and Northern Rock suffers catastrophic losses from its secured lending. The first to lose are the Northern Rock shareholders: then it's the Treasury’s turn in relation to their “Subordinated Loan”. But this is hardly a “loss” to the UK tax-payer since they would be losing an asset which they have been gifted by the Bank of England to the Treasury on their behalf. 

What about the tens of billions of tax-payers' money exercising the UK politicians and the press so heavily? 

Well actually, no. This money has been created by a stroke of a pen, or more likely, a click of a mouse and it never was our hard earned “tax-payer's money” in the first place.

The effect is exactly as though the Bank of England were to take back a few more skip-loads of time-expired bank notes and burn them in the usual way.

In summary, the UK tax payer can lose NOTHING in the event of a default. It is rare indeed that the mask slips in relation to the truly surreal nature of the vacuum at the heart of Central Banking. 

The truth is that the longer that the Northern Rock fiasco goes on, the better off the tax-payer will be. 

That's right, this isn't a disaster for the long-suffering "tax-payer", it's a potential goldmine.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Well, actually there&#8217;s another angle to this.</p>
<p>Tim Congdon let the cat out of the bag here</p>
<p><a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ddf4c35e-88e5-11dc-84c9-0000779fd2ac.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ddf4c35e-88e5-11dc-84c9-0000779fd2ac.html</a></p>
<p>Particularly this</p>
<p>&#8220;The explanation is that the Bank of England can create money &#8220;by a stroke of the pen&#8221;. </p>
<p>Parliament has made it the UK&#8217;s only issuer of legal-tender notes, and it can expand the note issue or credit a balance convertible into notes at virtually nil cost. </p>
<p>Because of these special powers, the Bank does not need to borrow in the interbank market at a positive interest rate.&#8221;</p>
<p>What this means is that the Bank of England may create credit, either in the form of Bank Notes, or alternatively, in the form of account balances exchangeable for Bank Notes, and this is exactly what the Bank of England has been doing to the tune of £23 billion, created “by a stroke of a pen” and thereupon loaned to Northern Rock.</p>
<p>This freshly minted money does not derive from the “tax-payer” at all: it is simply interest-free credit – so-called “Fiat Money” - that any Central Bank may create at any time to oil the wheels of commerce, but conventionally will only do so as cash. </p>
<p>The Bank of England is charging Northern Rock a “penal” rate of 7% pa for the use of this credit, of which 5.75% - the current Bank “base rate” - is actually collected while the “penalty” of 1.25% on top of this is not in fact being paid to the Bank of England but is being “rolled up” as a Debt from Northern Rock to the UK Treasury – a “subordinated loan” which ranks after all other creditors but before the shareholders.</p>
<p>In other words the Bank of England is gifting this &#8220;investment&#8221; to the Treasury on behalf of &#8220;tax-payers&#8221;. </p>
<p>Suppose everything goes wrong and Northern Rock suffers catastrophic losses from its secured lending. The first to lose are the Northern Rock shareholders: then it&#8217;s the Treasury’s turn in relation to their “Subordinated Loan”. But this is hardly a “loss” to the UK tax-payer since they would be losing an asset which they have been gifted by the Bank of England to the Treasury on their behalf. </p>
<p>What about the tens of billions of tax-payers&#8217; money exercising the UK politicians and the press so heavily? </p>
<p>Well actually, no. This money has been created by a stroke of a pen, or more likely, a click of a mouse and it never was our hard earned “tax-payer&#8217;s money” in the first place.</p>
<p>The effect is exactly as though the Bank of England were to take back a few more skip-loads of time-expired bank notes and burn them in the usual way.</p>
<p>In summary, the UK tax payer can lose NOTHING in the event of a default. It is rare indeed that the mask slips in relation to the truly surreal nature of the vacuum at the heart of Central Banking. </p>
<p>The truth is that the longer that the Northern Rock fiasco goes on, the better off the tax-payer will be. </p>
<p>That&#8217;s right, this isn&#8217;t a disaster for the long-suffering &#8220;tax-payer&#8221;, it&#8217;s a potential goldmine.</p>
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